Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig fengi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar (\u00ed Bretlandi er g\u00f3\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 hafa vi\u00f0urkennda sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu \u00ed starfi). \u00de\u00f3 ekki, \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e6lir Debrett's \u00e1fram me\u00f0 a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u stj\u00f3rna\u00f0ir sem skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar sem hafa nafni\u00f0 \u201edoktor\u201c og eru a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0ir af tannl\u00e6knum sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS gr\u00e1\u00f0u, tannl\u00e6knar eru me\u00f0 BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6kningum (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og a\u00f0fer\u00f0um (BVMS). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 ba\u00f0 n\u00e6sti forseti Regal h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed skur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna um a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 l\u00e6knir og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun nafnsins herra e\u00f0a ungfr\u00fa g\u00e6ti rugla\u00f0 vi\u00f0skiptavini. Fyrirsagnir og heimilisfangsger\u00f0ir fram\u00farskarandi & C Black v\u00edkja fr\u00e1 hugmynd Debretts um hvernig \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa umsl\u00f6g til l\u00e6kna og sleppir n\u00fdja fornafninu Dr. (age.grams. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) nema \u00ed Skotlandi og hef\u00f0bundnum l\u00e6knum, \u00fear sem nafnor\u00f0 eru alltaf \u00fatiloku\u00f0 (elizabeth.grams. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n

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• Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 veri\u00f0 l\u00fdstir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og l\u00e6knar, en fr\u00e1 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt margir vilji ekki gera \u00fea\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed leggi \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u skur\u00f0l\u00e6knisins.<\/li>\n
• Hann e\u00f0a h\u00fan er veitt af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum fyrir n\u00fdja konunginn og pr\u00f3fsk\u00edrteini \u00feess hefur gildi opinberrar skr\u00e1ar.<\/li>\n
• Til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 n\u00fdjustu menntun a\u00f0 loknu masterspr\u00f3fi, skrifa g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0, oft lokaritger\u00f0 eftir handritsh\u00f6fund, og verja n\u00fdja lokaritger\u00f0 opinberlega.<\/li>\n
• A\u00f0 hafa fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallar\u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir gott h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastarf.<\/li>\n
• Til a\u00f0 eiga fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 r\u00edkjum utan Evr\u00f3pusambandsins \u00fearf n\u00fdjasta gr\u00e1\u00f0an a\u00f0 vera opinberlega vi\u00f0urkennd (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af alr\u00edkisfr\u00e6\u00f0im\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  \u00dea\u00f0 er algeng venja a\u00f0 eiga kvenkyns l\u00e6kna \u00ed samstarfi til a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c b\u00e6\u00f0i innan \u00farvalsh\u00f3ps og samf\u00e9lagslegrar f\u00e6rni. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur algengari \u00ed Bretlandi, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last menntun \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fara til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a (fr\u00e1 1861) til \u00fe\u00edn, \u00fear sem pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0an var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en 1917. Vegna \u00feessa nota lesendur sem ekki eru hei\u00f0ursdoktorar ekki hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c almennt \u00ed samskiptum, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed formlegum samskiptum vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem gefur \u00fat hei\u00f0ursdoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0una, er algengt a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa n\u00fdja einstaklinginn me\u00f0 hugtakinu. \u00d3formlega er heiti\u00f0 \u201edr.\u201c, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fullri og styttri merkingu (\u00fe.e. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursnafni til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna, jafnvel \u00ed opinberari umhverfi eins og \u00ed fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0lum, en opinberlega er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0eins \u00e6tla\u00f0 n\u00fdjum handh\u00f6fum fr\u00e6\u00f0igreina. H\u00e9r hafa einnig veri\u00f0 \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0ir um augl\u00fdsingu um a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hugasaman beinl\u00e6kni og \u00feetta leit \u00fat fyrir a\u00f0 vera heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsma\u00f0ur er \u00ed raun villandi, en er augl\u00fdsing sem notar n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og einnig nafnor\u00f0in \u201ePhD\u201c \u00e1 grundvelli fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00e1hugas\u00f6mum, \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (\u00fear sem tannl\u00e6knar) veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar, en \u00fear sem almenna tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 fr\u00e1 1995 heimila\u00f0i tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem sumir kj\u00f3sa \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1hyggjur af st\u00f6\u00f0u l\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n

  Eftir g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er n\u00fdjasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0unni n\u00e1\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00fa f\u00e6r\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0uh\u00e6kkun svo \u00fe\u00fa getir stunda\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1m \u00e1n langrar kostna\u00f0ar, skammst\u00f6funina fyrir n\u00fdjasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0una | Kynningark\u00f3\u00f0i \u00e1 spilav\u00edti vulkan vegas \u00e1 netinu<\/h2>\n

  Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 stafar af upprunalegu hollensku n\u00e1msstigi \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir l\u00e1gt\u00e6kni- og l\u00e1gl\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1m). \u00dea\u00f0 sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingarnir nj\u00f3ta er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00fdja h\u00e6fnipr\u00f3fi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 eiga l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i var n\u00fdjasta LLD-pr\u00f3fi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 \u201es\u00f6gulegt farangur\u201c af deildarforseta h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0isk\u00f3la M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  \u00de\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed Bl\u00e1a krossinum og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir haft samband vi\u00f0 Bluish Protect (BCBS) geta einnig leita\u00f0 til l\u00e6kna, sj\u00fakrastofnana og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir haft samband vi\u00f0 tannl\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n

  Hong Kong kemur \u00e1 eftir breskri venju \u00ed l\u00e6knasamskiptum sem \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c en margir hafa a\u00f0eins gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0um og geta einnig haft gr\u00e1\u00f0una \u201eBachelor of Labors\u201c (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin \u201eDrs.\u201c v\u00edsar til \u201edoctorandus\u201c, hollensks menntunarheitis sem hefur veri\u00f0 skipt \u00fat fyrir \u201emaster\u201c-heiti\u00f0 me\u00f0 tilkomu eignarhaldskerfisins. \u00cd flestum n\u00fdjum fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201eDoc\u201c hver s\u00e1 sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi (h\u00e6stu gr\u00e1\u00f0u) fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00deeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 fagmannlega og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 af l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa oft loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi, og \u00e1 fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lskum sv\u00e6\u00f0um utan Goa \u00ed As\u00edu og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed K\u00edna.<\/p>\n

  \u00c1\u00f0ur en formleg \u00feekking kom til s\u00f6gunnar kom n\u00fdjasta samt\u00edmadoktorspr\u00f3fi\u00f0 (PhD) hugsanlega fram \u00ed Leipzig sem sta\u00f0gengill fyrir menntun meistarans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n

  Handhafar \u201eLaurea\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdtt heiti fyrir l\u00e6kni (dottore\/dottoressa), handhafar \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdtt heiti fyrir magistral doc (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og handhafar doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hafa veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir \u201eleitarl\u00e6knar\u201c (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um hefur n\u00fdjasta heiti\u00f0 fyrir doktor veri\u00f0 gefi\u00f0 \u00f6llum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanemum. Upprunalega h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed vestr\u00e6nni menningu, n\u00fdjasti h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn fr\u00e1 Bologna, er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum var einu raunverulegu \u00feekkingin sem veitt var n\u00fddoktoran\u00e1m, og flestir a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar notu\u00f0u \u00feig til a\u00f0 hanna \u00fea\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er fr\u00e1brug\u00f0i\u00f0 Arzt, \u00fear sem doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a er ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 dagleg notkun or\u00f0sins Doktor yfir l\u00e6kni s\u00e9 algeng og vi\u00f0 hin gerum oft ranglega r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 einungis Doktors geti fengi\u00f0 ge\u00f0r\u00e6na f\u00edkniefni. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur er notkun fyrirsagna \u00f3venjuleg innan finnskrar m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00fe\u00fa munt a\u00f0eins nota \u00fea\u00f0 sem er mj\u00f6g formlegt utan samhengis.<\/p>\n

  habil). \u00deessir \u00fe\u00e6ttir voru venjulega kalla\u00f0ir \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0 sem almennt hugtak yfir fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00feekkingu, ekki eins konar fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg misnotkun tr\u00faar), en \u00feeir eru n\u00fa flokka\u00f0ir sem hugv\u00edsindi og v\u00edsindi, tali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu r\u00f6\u00f0. Me\u00f0 \u00e1runum hefur l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6fari, en l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3f eru algeng. Fyrstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar – \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i – s\u00fdndu n\u00fdjasta s\u00f6gulega sundrungu fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3laranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur svi\u00f0um. N\u00fdja r\u00f3t hugtaksins l\u00e6knir m\u00e1 rekja til frumkirkjunnar, ef nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til n\u00fdju postulanna, kirkjufe\u00f0ranna e\u00f0a annarra kristinna valdhafa sem kenndu og \u00fe\u00fdddu Bibl\u00eduna. Sem d\u00e6mi um \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem heiti \u00e1 einstaklingi sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi (oft doktorspr\u00f3fi).<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  N\u00fdjasti ums\u00e6kjandi um doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u utan v\u00edsindasvi\u00f0s notar t\u00e6knilegt merki innan gamla n\u00e1msbrautarinnar sem n\u00fa er rekin sem svipu\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00dea\u00f0 var stofna\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012 og s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0 til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 n\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Til a\u00f0 eiga kennara me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan ESB \u00fearf n\u00fdja vottunin a\u00f0 vera opinberlega sam\u00feykkt (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af uppl\u00fdsingam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. Allir handhafar doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u eru r\u00e9ttilega me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir sem \u201eHerr\/Frau Dr. _____\u201c \u00ed samf\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi er vins\u00e6lasta doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0un Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. illkynja. Innan \u00fe\u00fdskum\u00e6landi sv\u00e6\u00f0a er or\u00f0i\u00f0 Doktor nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 greina doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed vottunark\u00f3\u00f0anum (eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n

  \u00deessi tegund fyrirsagna er oftast veitt til a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa virtum prestum vegna mikils starfa \u00feeirra e\u00f0a annars tilgangs \u00e1 svi\u00f0i andlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar \u00feekkingar. Efni\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 endursko\u00f0a\u00f0 til a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 notkun n\u00fdrrar pers\u00f3nu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inganna \u201es\u00e9 g\u00f3\u00f0 (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) vi\u00f0urkennd venja \u00ed sumum r\u00edkjum frekar en \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi sagt a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi varla veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u201e\u00fea\u00f0 s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert l\u00edka l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a doktor – og \u00fea\u00f0 gefur til kynna rangar uppl\u00fdsingar\u201c. Til a\u00f0 eiga samband (skilgreint sem \u201evenjulegar tegundir af \u00e1varpi sem hef\u00f0bundin opinber og vi\u00f0urkennd venja\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (nafn)\u201c \u00ed \u00e1varpi doktorsnema \u00feegar \u00feeir eiga l\u00e6kna notar \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e(fullt nafn), MD\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e9u k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0juor\u00f0inu (sem er skilgreint sem \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n

  Innan Kar\u00edbahafs-enskunnar er notkun or\u00f0sins \u201eDr. the newest Honourable\u201c algeng \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00deeir til d\u00e6mis v\u00edsu\u00f0u til n\u00fdrra fornra eiginleika gu\u00f0d\u00f3mleika, laga og fr\u00e6\u00f0imennsku, hugsanlega me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gum, sem voru einu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar fram \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld. Vegna \u00feessa er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00e1 \u00feessum sv\u00e6\u00f0um, og \u00feeim sem ekki f\u00e1 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

  Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig \u00feekktir sem \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karlkyns) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, fram til n\u00fat\u00edmans, leitast menn vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last \u00e1hugasama n\u00e1msreynslu – en innan stofnana og kerfa er karl kalla\u00f0ur doutor (Dr.) – karlkyns e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) – konur. Hollenskar uppl\u00fdsingaheiti og pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0a eru l\u00f6glega \u00f3heimil og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 eru hef\u00f0bundnu heitin \u201edr.\u201c og PhD l\u00f6glega jafngild og ver\u00f0a tekin til skiptis. \u00cd almennri hef\u00f0bundinni …<\/p>\n

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  A\u00f0 \u00feessi starfsh\u00e1ttur hafi veri\u00f0 valinn og \u00fe\u00fa getir \u00fatskrifast eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00feinni me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 breyta st\u00f6\u00f0ugt einkaskj\u00f6lum til a\u00f0 kynna n\u00fdju ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0una \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptalegum tilgangi. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 \u00fatv\u00edkka\u00f0i n\u00fdja Mannor\u00f0sstofnun r\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00feinna \u00far menntun og f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneyti sambandsr\u00edkjanna \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 um a\u00f0 finna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum vestr\u00e6num h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 virtum a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki Evr\u00f3pusambandsins eiga, eins og \u00e1ri\u00f0 2001, r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota \u201eDoctowise\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llum opinberum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum og geta skrifa\u00f0 br\u00e9f \u00e1n frekari vi\u00f0auka. Einnig er n\u00fdja kennslu\u00feekkingin Doktor (ISCED 7) \u00ed bo\u00f0i fyrir l\u00e6kna (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6kna (Dr. med. drop.), sem \u00e1ri\u00f0 2002 f\u00e1 ekki doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur (ISCED 8) heldur stunda \u00ed sta\u00f0inn meistaran\u00e1m (360 ECTS), r\u00e9tt eins og bandar\u00edskur l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a DDS.<\/p>\n

  \u00deessi skammst\u00f6fun stendur fyrir n\u00fdja hollenska hugtaki\u00f0 doctorandus, lat\u00edna, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201es\u00e1 sem ver\u00f0ur l\u00e6knir\u201c (kvennastarf er \u00ed raun \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 Doc nota\u00f0 af uppl\u00fdstum l\u00e6knum (sem eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), l\u00e6knas\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, tannl\u00e6knum og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. Samstarfsa\u00f0ilar fylgja 5-6 \u00e1ra kerfinu (sl\u00edk l\u00f6g og lyf) en eru k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201elaurea magistrale an excellent ciclo unico\u201c og eru \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegur meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0a. \u00deetta er me\u00f0 tv\u00f6 \u00e1r \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (n\u00e1nast \u201ed\u00f3mst\u00f3la\u00feekking\u201c, jafngildir konungs\u00feekkingu). \u00c1 tuttugustu \u00f6ldinni kynntu \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar fl\u00f3knari leitarstig, eins og PhD. N\u00fdjasta hugtaki\u00f0 doc er nota\u00f0 fyrir handhafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u og l\u00e6knas\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0inga (nema skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n

  N\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c g\u00e6ti einnig veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga eins og fj\u00f3lubl\u00e1a fundarger\u00f0in. \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00ed d\u00f3mssalnum utan r\u00e9ttv\u00edsinnar \u00fear sem stranglega formleg ta\u00edlensk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i er notu\u00f0, er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c sem karlmannsheiti. Notkun hugtakanna \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a \u201eDr\u201c (\u0e14\u0e23.) g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 l\u00e1na\u00f0 \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna eins og l\u00e6kna, skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var \u00fea\u00f0 formlega banna\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt heilbrig\u00f0isreglum stofnunarinnar, en banninu var afturkalla\u00f0 til n\u00e6sta dags. \u00c1 Indlandi eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir \u201etengdir l\u00e6knar\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Blogg Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0leg notkun Notkun l\u00e6kna \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega mikilv\u00e6gum l\u00f6ndum Notkun fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindal\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega tengdum st\u00f6\u00f0um Um allan heim fella inn Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig fengi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0ideildar (\u00ed Bretlandi er g\u00f3\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 hafa vi\u00f0urkennda sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu \u00ed starfi). \u00de\u00f3 ekki, \u00fe\u00e1 m\u00e6lir Debrett's \u00e1fram […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":120,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91907"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/120"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91907"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91907\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":91909,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91907\/revisions\/91909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aquadesa.globalb.co\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}